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More important, such an orientation can be a counterweight to the design biases implicit in other approaches and potentially redefine the fashioning of policy proposals
Essentially, most policy assessment systems draw on certain common elements: they are often (but not always) supported by a legislative act making their application mandatory and specifying which policy proposals are subject to assessment; they consist of similar procedural steps set out in official 'guidance' documents; they are usually undertaken by the official respon- sible for policy development; they generally include some form of stakeholder consulta- tion; and they usually result in a written document or report.
Added to this, significant amendments to policy proposals made during this legislative procedure may not be followed up by additional analysis (European Court of Auditors, 2010, paragraph 29).
Currently, stakeholders are usually at the periphery of policy assessment, only commenting on the policy proposal itself (Radaelli, 2004b).
This use of environmental scenarios is referred to as wind tunnelling; policy proposals are tested for their ability to perform in different possible future environments.
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